REVIEW SHEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2010-2011
NAME: ___
All answers must be in your handwriting.
What can cells in your body do?
cell division?
pass DNA to other cells?
Use energy?
reproduce asexually split in two and makes daughter cell daughter cells have the same DNA that is passed on yes, to divide
2. two function of cell membrane
3. two differences between plant and animal cells
4. What does salting meat do? What process is this?
5. Describe homeostasis and give 1 example.
stable internal temperature, sweating when it's hot
6. How is homeostasis controlled in a classroom?
(temp, light, number of students, noise)
7. In a food chain, what happens if plants are removed? Insects removed? Birds removed?
Plantsàinsectsàbirds
8. What happens to cells in salt solutions? Which tonic is this?
Cell will shrink and it's hypertonic solution
9. Name 1 disease caused by the following organisms:
virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan
a. Virus- flu b. Bacteria- Strep Throat c. Fungi- ringworm and athletes foot d. Protozoan- malaira
10. What causes the flu, herpes, poxes, AIDS?
Viruses cause all of these diseases.
11. How does the earth show homeostasis? (think oil spill)
The Earth shows homeostasis by trying to regulate the temperature according to the seasons, heat, oxygen and gas.
12. Definition of diffusion
The spreading of molecules from areas with greater to lesser amounts to create equilibrium.
13. Example of diffusion
perfume, air freshener, etc.
14. Definition of osmosis
The spreading of water molecules from areas with greater to lesser amounts to create equilibrium.
15. Example of osmosis
water into an egg
16. Which way do diffusion and osmosis always flow
greater to lesser in order to reach equilibrium
17. Why do osmosis and diffusion occur?
To create perfect equilibrium
18. We put food coloring in a beaker of water. What happens?
Food coloring spreads out, making the water red.
19. Name 2 ways to speed diffusion up.
shaking and stirring
20. We put eggs in vinegar. What were we trying to do?
to remove the shell and expose the cell membrane
21. What will happen to an egg without its shell if:
a. placed in water
b. placed in salt water
c. placed in syrup
a. will increase in size b. becomes small and dehydrated c. will shrink, flacid
22. If lots of water enters a cell what could happen? (Regular word and science word)
The cell would get bigger, science word: plasmoptysis
23. Name solutions for the following tonics:
a. hypertonic
b. isotonic
c. hypotonic
Hypertonic- cell shrinks and water exits
Isotonic- cell stays the same water exits and enters equally
Hypotonic- cell grows and water comes in
24. Most of the time your body cells are tonic
Isotonic
25. Look at the three cells. Label the following terms on the correct cell:
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
cell getting bigger, cell shrinking, cell staying the same, cell at equilibrium, water going in and out equally, cell that has osmosis going on
Hypertonic - cell shrinking - cell has osmosis going on Hypotonic - cell getting bigger -cell has osmosis going on Isotonic -cell staying the same -water going in and out equally
26. define the following and label on cell A or cell B:
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. nucleus
d. nuclear area
e. bacteria
f. human cell
g. came first
h. more advanced
i. has many organelles
j. has cell wall
k. has cell membrane
m. has cytoplasm and ribosomes
a.)Prokaryote- a single celled organism has no true nucleus (simple) b.)Eukaryote- an organism with DNA contained in a distinct nucleus (complex) c.)Nucleus- a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, containing the genetic material (the brain of the cell) d.)Nuclear- area- genetic information e.)Bacteria- a group of one cell organisms that have cell walls but lack an organized nucleus f.)Human cell- has 46 chromosomes g.)Came first- prokaryote h.)More advanced- eukaryote i.)Has many organelles- no (prokaryote) (eukaryote – yes) j.)Has cell wall- yes k.)Has cell membrane- yes l.)Has cytoplasm and ribosome- yes
27. define the following organelles:
a. nucleus
b. nuclear membrane
c. cytoplasm
d. ribosomes
e. mitochondria
f. flagellum
g. cell membrane
h. smooth ER
i. rough ER
j. chloroplas
k. cell wall
l. vacuole
m. golgi
n. nucleolus
o. cilia
p. cytoskeleton
a.)Nucleus- the brain/ controls the cell b.)Nuclear membrane- the membrane that encloses the genetic info c.)Cytoplasm- gel like substance that contains organelles and holds them together d.)Ribosomes- protein e.)Mitochondria- Powerhouse f.)Flagellum- tail like object, its purpose is for movement g.)Cell membrane- the membrane that separates the cell from the environment (lets things in & out) h.)Smooth ER- has no ribosomes i.)Rough ER- has ribosome j.)Chloroplast- found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs k.)Cell wall- provides support for the cell found only in plant cells l.)Vacuole- stores food and water for the cell bigger in plant cells m.)Golgi- it processes and packages proteins and lipids n.)Nucleolus- found in the center of the nucleus contains protein and nucleic acids o.)Cilia- found in eukaryotic cells shorter than flagellum p.)Cytoskeleton- the cellular scaffolding made out of protein (provides support)
28. Define:
spontaneous generation
abiogenesis
biogenesis
origin of species
natural selection
artificial selection
spontanious generation-Production of living organisms from non living matter.
Abiogenesis- same as spontaneous generation
Biogenesis- Living matter comes from living matter.
origin of species- Darwin's book.
natural selection- Organisms that tend to adapt to environmenttend to survive and produce more offspring.
artificial selection- Selective breeding.
29. Give key points about each scientist:
Redi
Pasteur
Van Leeuwenhoek
Darwin
Redi- Maggots come from flies, not meat.
Pasteur- Microorganisms, swan neck flask.
Van Leeuwenhoek- First microscope.
Darwin- Evolution.
30. Homo sapiens
What is the first word?
Second word?
genus, species
The first word is “homo.” That means “man.” The second word is “sapien.” This means “be wise.” The whole thing “homo sapien” the species which humans belong to. Homo is the “genus” and sapien is the “species.”
31. Are these kingdoms or phyla?
Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Animalia? Kingdom
Arthropoda, Nematoda, Cnidria, Platyhelminthes? Phylum
“Plante” is a kingdom, “Monera” is a kingdom, “Fungi” is a kingdom, and “Animalia” is a kingdom. “Antrhopoda” is a phyla, “Nematoda” is a phyla, “Cnidria” is a phyla, and “Platyhelminthes” is a phyla.
32. Define and give an example:
vestigial organs
homologous organs
analogous organs
Vestigial organs are organs that have no current adaptive value in an organism. The appendix and the tailbone are examples of this. Homologous organs are body parts of different species that are structural equivalents, like the forearms of humans and the forelegs of dogs and cats. Analogous organs are organs that perform the same function and are structurally the same. For example, birds and butterflies both have wings that help them fly.
33. If you are in the same phylum, are you in the same kingdom? Same genus? Same species?
If two organisms are in the same kingdom, they will be in the same phylum because they share a common trait. They will be in the same genus. They do not have to necessarily be in the same species because that gets too specific.
34. Viruses must reproduce inside
To reproduce and thrive, a virus must have a host. This is a living organism. Viruses must reproduce in a host cell.
35. Define and give an example:
retrovirus
lytic virus
lysogenic virus
provirus
retrovirus- Gag gene
lytic virus- Flu
lysogenic virus- Aids
provirus- DNA of Virus becomes part of the host DNA
A retrovirus is any group of RNA viruses that insert on a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate. An example would be HIV. A lytic virus is any various simple sub microscopic parasites of plants, animals, or bacteria that will cause a disease which can consist of a RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. HIV is an example. A lysogenic virus is a virus that can insert it’s DNA into the genome of the host bacterium for long-term dormancy, and an example is HIV because they sit and wait. A provirus is the precursor or latent form of a virus that is capable of being integrated into the genetic material of a host cell and being replicated with it. An example would be herpes.
36. Name the 2 parts of every virus
The protien coating on the outside and the gentetic information on the inside.
37. What do the following do and who do they work on?
Antibiotics
Vaccine
antiobiotics are givien to you to treat a bacteria infection where a vacciene which is a weak form of the viris and is used to make anti bodies would be givin to you if you had a viris.
38. Draw the shapes of bacteria:
coccus- round
bacillus- rod shaped
spirillum- spiral
39. If we overuse antibiotics, the bacteria may become:
resistant to the antibiotics
40. Bacteria: Explain the following:
capsule
Petri dish
Streptococcus
capsule-a layer that lies outside the cell wall, protects bacterium petri dish-shallow glass lidded dish, grow bacteria in it streptocococus-bacteria that causes strep throat
41. Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why?
42. How do diseases get passed down genetically?
Through chromosones
43. Define:
dominant gene
recessive gene
mutation
dominant gene- the gene that shows recessive gene- the hidden gene mutation- a permanent change in the DNA sequence
44. Sweating allows humans to keep their:
bodies cool
45. Define and give an example of each:
viviparous
ovoviparous
oviparous
-Mammals= Live birth (uterus) -Egg inside mom's body=snake sharks -Birds, most reptiles=lay eggs
46. What is a vaccine and what is it designed to do?
weak form of the virus and the body will antibodies against the virus
47. Put in order, smallest to biggest: protozoans, bacteria, viruses
48. How many chromosomes in a human foot cell? How many in an egg? Sperm?
49. Number of chromosomes in Down’s syndrome
50. How can 2 parents not show the recessive trait, yet one of their children shows the trait?
52. Cross 2 carriers of a disease. What are the % of their children with and without the diseae?
With 100%
Without: 0%
52. Red is dominant to white. Cross homozygous red with homozygous red. Offspring %
With: 100%
Without: 0%
53. Chromosomes of a normal male. Normal female.
Male: xy Female: xx
54. If the FBI needed your DNA, how could they obtain it?
Acquire a piece of your hair, a drop of your blood, or a flake of your dandruff.
55. If a disease is sex-linked explain who gets it more often and why?
Males get it more often because females have sets of X chromosomes (XX) and one of the X chromosomes can hide the other. Males (XY) have a higher chance because they don't have that second X to help hide the disease.
56. Why does DNA replicate?
DNA replicates because it is needed to repair and create cells.
57. Describe karyotype and why it would be used.
Karyotyping is when the chromosomes of a cell, displayed as a systemized arrangement of chromosomes pairs in descending order of size. It can be used to determine the sex of the baby
58. Define: mitosis, meiosis, fertilization, zygote, sexual reproduction, asexual reprodution
Mitosis- cell division that results in two daughter cells (an exact copy) Meiosis-cell division that results in two daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes (reproduction) Fertilization- the process of fertilizing an egg Zygote- fertilized egg Sexual reproduction- the production of new living organisms with two different sexes of the parents Asexual reproduction- the production of new living organisms with only one parent
59. Define dominant gene, recessive gene, give letters.
Dominant Gene- shows up in the physical traits Recessive Gene- does not show up Give letters- Rr TT
60. What is a double helix?
The double helix is the shape of DNA
61. Define biodiversity.
Different species with a lot of variety.
62. Why is biodiversity so important?
All different species eat different things which results in less competition for survival. Biodiversity is important because it can make an ecosystem more productive and each species has a special role because each species is different. Ecosystems with more variety can recover from disasters better.
63. Why are there so many species of trees, birds or insects?
There are so many different species of trees, birds, or insects because of pollination, breeding, and climate.
64. If we build home, malls, parking lots, what happens to biodiversity?
reduce the biodiversity by destroying homes of all types of animals and organisms
If we build homes, malls, parking lots, animals have less of a chance reproducing successfully with human interference. They will have less of a home and unfortunately, some of them will die.
65. Name the kingdom (monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia)
a. heterotrophs, multicellular-fungi and animal
b. autotroph, multicellular- plantae
c. mushrooms - fungi
d. unicellular, eukaryote, amoeba - protista
e. bacteria - monera
f. prokaryotes - monera
66. There are 7 taxons. Name them starting with the largest first.
KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIEs
67. Name 10 invertebrates. Make sure they are in different phyla.
a. filter feeds
b. enters through bare feet
c. mollusk, tentacles, suckers
d. rectal itching
e. tentacles, nematocysts, stinging cells
f. non-parasitic segmented worm
g. attacks liver, “big belly”
h. cross eyed worm
69. How do you use a dichotomous key?
Follow each step while observing the images to find the label of each one.
NAME: ___
All answers must be in your handwriting.
split in two and makes daughter cell
daughter cells have the same DNA that is passed on
yes, to divide
(temp, light, number of students, noise)
Plantsàinsectsàbirds
virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan
b. Bacteria- Strep Throat
c. Fungi- ringworm and athletes foot
d. Protozoan- malaira
a. placed in water
b. placed in salt water
c. placed in syrup
b. becomes small and dehydrated
c. will shrink, flacid
a. hypertonic
b. isotonic
c. hypotonic
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
cell getting bigger, cell shrinking, cell staying the same, cell at equilibrium, water going in and out equally, cell that has osmosis going on
- cell shrinking
- cell has osmosis going on
Hypotonic
- cell getting bigger
-cell has osmosis going on
Isotonic
-cell staying the same
-water going in and out equally
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. nucleus
d. nuclear area
e. bacteria
f. human cell
g. came first
h. more advanced
i. has many organelles
j. has cell wall
k. has cell membrane
m. has cytoplasm and ribosomes
b.) Eukaryote- an organism with DNA contained in a distinct nucleus (complex)
c.) Nucleus- a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, containing the genetic material (the brain of the cell)
d.) Nuclear- area- genetic information
e.) Bacteria- a group of one cell organisms that have cell walls but lack an organized nucleus
f.) Human cell- has 46 chromosomes
g.) Came first- prokaryote
h.) More advanced- eukaryote
i.) Has many organelles- no (prokaryote) (eukaryote – yes)
j.) Has cell wall- yes
k.) Has cell membrane- yes
l.) Has cytoplasm and ribosome- yes
a. nucleus
b. nuclear membrane
c. cytoplasm
d. ribosomes
e. mitochondria
f. flagellum
g. cell membrane
h. smooth ER
i. rough ER
j. chloroplas
k. cell wall
l. vacuole
m. golgi
n. nucleolus
o. cilia
p. cytoskeleton
b.) Nuclear membrane- the membrane that encloses the genetic info
c.) Cytoplasm- gel like substance that contains organelles and holds them together
d.) Ribosomes- protein
e.) Mitochondria- Powerhouse
f.) Flagellum- tail like object, its purpose is for movement
g.) Cell membrane- the membrane that separates the cell from the environment (lets things in & out)
h.) Smooth ER- has no ribosomes
i.) Rough ER- has ribosome
j.) Chloroplast- found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs
k.) Cell wall- provides support for the cell found only in plant cells
l.) Vacuole- stores food and water for the cell bigger in plant cells
m.)Golgi- it processes and packages proteins and lipids
n.) Nucleolus- found in the center of the nucleus contains protein and nucleic acids
o.) Cilia- found in eukaryotic cells shorter than flagellum
p.) Cytoskeleton- the cellular scaffolding made out of protein (provides support)
spontaneous generation
abiogenesis
biogenesis
origin of species
natural selection
artificial selection
Abiogenesis- same as spontaneous generation
Biogenesis- Living matter comes from living matter.
origin of species- Darwin's book.
natural selection- Organisms that tend to adapt to environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
artificial selection- Selective breeding.
Redi
Pasteur
Van Leeuwenhoek
Darwin
Pasteur- Microorganisms, swan neck flask.
Van Leeuwenhoek- First microscope.
Darwin- Evolution.
What is the first word?
Second word?
The first word is “homo.” That means “man.” The second word is “sapien.” This means “be wise.” The whole thing “homo sapien” the species which humans belong to. Homo is the “genus” and sapien is the “species.”
Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Animalia? Kingdom
Arthropoda, Nematoda, Cnidria, Platyhelminthes? Phylum
vestigial organs
homologous organs
analogous organs
retrovirus
lytic virus
lysogenic virus
provirus
lytic virus- Flu
lysogenic virus- Aids
provirus- DNA of Virus becomes part of the host DNA
A retrovirus is any group of RNA viruses that insert on a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate. An example would be HIV. A lytic virus is any various simple sub microscopic parasites of plants, animals, or bacteria that will cause a disease which can consist of a RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. HIV is an example. A lysogenic virus is a virus that can insert it’s DNA into the genome of the host bacterium for long-term dormancy, and an example is HIV because they sit and wait. A provirus is the precursor or latent form of a virus that is capable of being integrated into the genetic material of a host cell and being replicated with it. An example would be herpes.
Antibiotics
Vaccine
coccus- round
bacillus- rod shaped
spirillum- spiral
capsule
Petri dish
Streptococcus
petri dish-shallow glass lidded dish, grow bacteria in it
streptocococus-bacteria that causes strep throat
dominant gene
recessive gene
mutation
mutation- a permanent change in the DNA sequence
viviparous
ovoviparous
oviparous
-Egg inside mom's body=snake sharks
-Birds, most reptiles=lay eggs
Without: 0%
Without: 0%
Female: xx
Meiosis-cell division that results in two daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes (reproduction)
Fertilization- the process of fertilizing an egg
Zygote- fertilized egg
Sexual reproduction- the production of new living organisms with two different sexes of the parents
Asexual reproduction- the production of new living organisms with only one parent
Recessive Gene- does not show up
Give letters- Rr TT
Biodiversity is important because it can make an ecosystem more productive and each species has a special role because each species is different. Ecosystems with more variety can recover from disasters better.
If we build homes, malls, parking lots, animals have less of a chance reproducing successfully with human interference. They will have less of a home and unfortunately, some of them will die.
b. autotroph, multicellular- plantae
c. mushrooms - fungi
d. unicellular, eukaryote, amoeba - protista
e. bacteria - monera
f. prokaryotes - monera
oc Sponges (Porifera), Jellyfish (Cnidaria), Flat Worms (Platyhelminthes), Ribbon Worms (Nemertina), Sand Worms (Gnathostomulida), Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha), Spiny-crown worms (Kinorhyncha), Spiny-head worms (Acanthocephalia), Lamp Shells (Brachiopoda), Squids (Mollusca),
b. enters through bare feet
c. mollusk, tentacles, suckers
d. rectal itching
e. tentacles, nematocysts, stinging cells
f. non-parasitic segmented worm
g. attacks liver, “big belly”
h. cross eyed worm